Tutor2u has a new website - lot easier to use. This is a really handy article on Trade deficits and some top exam tips.
http://beta.tutor2u.net/economics/blog/trade-imbalances-animation
Tuesday, 10 February 2015
Career in Business or Economics
Careers talks in Business and Economics. These talks will take place during the week
2-6 March (National Careers Week!), in rooms on north site (TBC and depending
upon numbers). Deadline for sign-up is FRIDAY
27 FEBRUARY. Please click on the following links, to sign up:
3
March, Business and Finance: https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/cherwell-alumni-careers-talks-business-and-finance-tickets-15449793749
6
March, Non-Profits, Charities and NGOs: https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/cherwell-alumni-careers-talks-non-profits-charities-ngos-tickets-15449839887
Tuesday, 3 February 2015
Using Anderton for your Edexcel AS/A2 exams
The edition you have is the Purple 5th Edition (ISBN 978 1 4058 9235 3)
All - take a look at Chapter 104 effective study!
Exam Paper 6 EC01
Study Chapters 1-18 and Ch 57
In addition you need a basic awareness of the labour market diagram and minimum wage.
Exam Paper 6EC02
Re-study Chapters 1-4
Study Chapters 19 - 37
Exam Paper 6EC03
Study Chapters 38-56
Exam paper 6EC04
Study Chapter - 65, and 76-103
All - take a look at Chapter 104 effective study!
Exam Paper 6 EC01
Study Chapters 1-18 and Ch 57
In addition you need a basic awareness of the labour market diagram and minimum wage.
Exam Paper 6EC02
Re-study Chapters 1-4
Study Chapters 19 - 37
Exam Paper 6EC03
Study Chapters 38-56
Exam paper 6EC04
Study Chapter - 65, and 76-103
Tricky AD questions
Try the following questions, by drawing AS/AD diagrams as your answers, then look at answers below:
1.Falling Budget Deficit
2. Falling Budget Surplus
3. Reduced Trade deficit
4. Reduced Trade Surplus
5. Share prices crash
6. Housing boom
Changes in Budget Deficits and Trade Deficits often trip students up as they focus on the deficit rather than the movement.
1. Whilst a Budget Deficit indicates Government Expenditure is greater than tax revenue - the direction is a 'falling' budget deficit meaning that the Government is using AUSTERITY MEASURES or CONTRACTIONARY FISCAL POLICY - so Government Expenditure is likely to be cut or we are witnessing Income Tax increases - thus shifting AD to the left.
2. Falling Budget Surplus - means AD shifting right. Re-write the above analytical style to explain this.
3. Whilst a Trade Deficit indicates our Export Earnings are less than what we spend on Imports - the direction is a 'falling' trade deficit meaning that the UK may be witnessing an increase in export earnings (for example due to recovery in the Euro-zone countries demanding more UK goods) or we are spending less on imports as UK goods are more competitive compared to foreign imports - thus shifting AD to the right.
4. Reduced Trade Surplus - means AD shifting left. Re-write the above analytical style to explain this, use Germany as your example.
5. With 9 million shareholders in the UK falling share prices mean that many people will feel less well off. UK households are less likely to borrow and spend as they know they may not be able to clear their debts by selling shares. This is known as a negative wealth effect so domestic consumption will fall - thus shifting AD left. In addition wider consumer and business (Investment) confidence may be damaged if the fall in shares is large and persistent.
6. There are about 25 million homes in the UK, of which seven out of 10 are owner-occupied. For those people who own homes a housing boom is likely to shift AD right. A housing boom may also be known as a speculative asset bubble resulting in Positive Equity (the value of the house is higher than the price at which it was bought). The Government and the Bank of England have helped banks lend to home buyers through Funding for Lending and the Help to Buy Scheme. Re-write the above analytical style to explain this, using the UK housing market as your example. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/9955734/Osborne-denies-mortgage-efforts-will-create-housing-bubble.html
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/video/2013/oct/21/help-to-buy-uk-property-bubble-video
1.Falling Budget Deficit
2. Falling Budget Surplus
3. Reduced Trade deficit
4. Reduced Trade Surplus
5. Share prices crash
6. Housing boom
Changes in Budget Deficits and Trade Deficits often trip students up as they focus on the deficit rather than the movement.
1. Whilst a Budget Deficit indicates Government Expenditure is greater than tax revenue - the direction is a 'falling' budget deficit meaning that the Government is using AUSTERITY MEASURES or CONTRACTIONARY FISCAL POLICY - so Government Expenditure is likely to be cut or we are witnessing Income Tax increases - thus shifting AD to the left.
2. Falling Budget Surplus - means AD shifting right. Re-write the above analytical style to explain this.
3. Whilst a Trade Deficit indicates our Export Earnings are less than what we spend on Imports - the direction is a 'falling' trade deficit meaning that the UK may be witnessing an increase in export earnings (for example due to recovery in the Euro-zone countries demanding more UK goods) or we are spending less on imports as UK goods are more competitive compared to foreign imports - thus shifting AD to the right.
4. Reduced Trade Surplus - means AD shifting left. Re-write the above analytical style to explain this, use Germany as your example.
5. With 9 million shareholders in the UK falling share prices mean that many people will feel less well off. UK households are less likely to borrow and spend as they know they may not be able to clear their debts by selling shares. This is known as a negative wealth effect so domestic consumption will fall - thus shifting AD left. In addition wider consumer and business (Investment) confidence may be damaged if the fall in shares is large and persistent.
6. There are about 25 million homes in the UK, of which seven out of 10 are owner-occupied. For those people who own homes a housing boom is likely to shift AD right. A housing boom may also be known as a speculative asset bubble resulting in Positive Equity (the value of the house is higher than the price at which it was bought). The Government and the Bank of England have helped banks lend to home buyers through Funding for Lending and the Help to Buy Scheme. Re-write the above analytical style to explain this, using the UK housing market as your example. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/9955734/Osborne-denies-mortgage-efforts-will-create-housing-bubble.html
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/video/2013/oct/21/help-to-buy-uk-property-bubble-video
Wednesday, 21 January 2015
AS mocks - February 2015
Please note the following dates - for A2 resit students you are expected to attend these sessions or email me to agree an alternative time and date - preferably Monday after School in the same week of the required mock - tgray@cherwell.oxon.sch.uk
Use your PLC - RAG what you have covered and your confidence level and share with your teacher.
6EC01 - understanding markets and market failure (same content as last mock) plus negative externalities
Thursday - Feb 5th 9am - 10.30am Gym
Friday - Feb 6th 1-2.30pm Gym
6EC02 - Entire course apart from Monetarism (Monetary Policy Committee) - this shadows content covered in A2.
Thursday - Feb 12th 9am-10.30am Gym
Friday - Feb 13th 1-2.30pm Gym
Use your PLC - RAG what you have covered and your confidence level and share with your teacher.
6EC01 - understanding markets and market failure (same content as last mock) plus negative externalities
Thursday - Feb 5th 9am - 10.30am Gym
Friday - Feb 6th 1-2.30pm Gym
6EC02 - Entire course apart from Monetarism (Monetary Policy Committee) - this shadows content covered in A2.
Thursday - Feb 12th 9am-10.30am Gym
Friday - Feb 13th 1-2.30pm Gym
Tuesday, 20 January 2015
Supply Side Policies
Government policies that are designed to shift the AS curve to the right are difficult to achieve and may take time. Use the following link for PAJ's summary on Supply-Side Policies:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9HEm8w5nL8&index=2&list=PL73BD8EE9CB0A4D12
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9HEm8w5nL8&index=2&list=PL73BD8EE9CB0A4D12
Monday, 5 January 2015
Public finances (G-T)
Government Spending
Government spending happens for three reasons:
to provide merit goods
to provide public goods
to meet government priorities
Given the flurry of data in recent years on the state of the Government's finances it is well worth ensuring you understand it. The following are useful links:
Note from the above the difference between Government expenditure as a percentage of Real GDP excluding benefits, the typical 20-25% of AD quoted in textbooks and the overall around 40% of Real GDP (including benefits - half of which are pension related) quoted in the media.
The ever helpful Economics help study notes: http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/5326/economics/government-spending/
Some interesting data blog graphics from the Guardian:
http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/3/20/1363800264587/Budget-spending-and-tax-r-001.jpg
http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/apr/25/uk-public-spending-1963
Complete AS worksheet 60.
Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy concerns the manipulation of:
Government Spending
Taxation
the budgetary position e.g attempting to reduce the budget deficit
The Coalition Government have attempted to reduce the Budget Deficit (eighty percent through Government spending cuts and 20% through tax increases such as stopping tax avoidance and increasing VAT.) This is known as AUSTERITY MEASURES or tough/tightening fiscal policy or contractionary fiscal policy.
Discretionary Fiscal Policy - government decides to change government spending to achieve a priority e.g. increase it to achieve growth through the multiplier effect or cut it to reduce inflationary pressures and to reduce government borrowing allowing more loanable funds to be available to the private sector at a lower rate of interest.
Automatic Stabilisers - Germany is said to have had large automatic fiscal stabilisers. This means when the recession happened and people lost their jobs they did not suffer a large fall in disposable income. The reason for this is as benefits and income tax levels are high; so the fall in consumption was made up for by a rise in government spending and a fall in tax revenue so AD did not shift inwards substantially.
Cyclical Deficit - temporary budget deficit caused by recession. Increased spending on benefits given rising unemployment and falling tax revenue due to loss of wages, wage cuts or business paying less corporation tax as profits fall. Deficit may be replaced by a budget surplus in the boom years.
Structural Deficit - long term budget deficit problem caused by low trend growth generating insufficient tax revenue to cover government infrastructure expenditure on NHS, Education, transport etc. For the structural deficit to be removed Governments need to consider:
a) Cutting Government spending on NHS and Education
b) Increasing taxes
c) Increasing trend growth through supply side measures.
Crowding out - Government Spending and Borrowing replaces private sector Investment. Key reason for this is government borrowing results in a lack of loanable funds for the private sector that then has to pay a higher rate of interest on these loans if they still wish to borrow. GOVERNMENT SPENDING REPLACES INVESTMENT, the private sector is more productively efficient.
Ricardian Equivalence - tax payers are rational and expect any government that is cutting income taxes or increasing government spending, by borrowing, before an election - after the election the government will reverse this fiscal policy to pay back the money borrowed. The consequence of this is that the fiscal stimulus is ineffective as tax payers save the income tax cut or public sector wages rather than spend it - so there is no multiplier effect. FISCAL POLICY DOES NOT WORK.
Complete A2 worksheet 87, 95 and 96.
Government spending happens for three reasons:
to provide merit goods
to provide public goods
to meet government priorities
Given the flurry of data in recent years on the state of the Government's finances it is well worth ensuring you understand it. The following are useful links:
The ever helpful Economics help study notes: http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/5326/economics/government-spending/
Some interesting data blog graphics from the Guardian:
http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/3/20/1363800264587/Budget-spending-and-tax-r-001.jpg
http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/apr/25/uk-public-spending-1963
Complete AS worksheet 60.
Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy concerns the manipulation of:
Government Spending
Taxation
the budgetary position e.g attempting to reduce the budget deficit
The Coalition Government have attempted to reduce the Budget Deficit (eighty percent through Government spending cuts and 20% through tax increases such as stopping tax avoidance and increasing VAT.) This is known as AUSTERITY MEASURES or tough/tightening fiscal policy or contractionary fiscal policy.
Discretionary Fiscal Policy - government decides to change government spending to achieve a priority e.g. increase it to achieve growth through the multiplier effect or cut it to reduce inflationary pressures and to reduce government borrowing allowing more loanable funds to be available to the private sector at a lower rate of interest.
Automatic Stabilisers - Germany is said to have had large automatic fiscal stabilisers. This means when the recession happened and people lost their jobs they did not suffer a large fall in disposable income. The reason for this is as benefits and income tax levels are high; so the fall in consumption was made up for by a rise in government spending and a fall in tax revenue so AD did not shift inwards substantially.
Cyclical Deficit - temporary budget deficit caused by recession. Increased spending on benefits given rising unemployment and falling tax revenue due to loss of wages, wage cuts or business paying less corporation tax as profits fall. Deficit may be replaced by a budget surplus in the boom years.
Structural Deficit - long term budget deficit problem caused by low trend growth generating insufficient tax revenue to cover government infrastructure expenditure on NHS, Education, transport etc. For the structural deficit to be removed Governments need to consider:
a) Cutting Government spending on NHS and Education
b) Increasing taxes
c) Increasing trend growth through supply side measures.
Crowding out - Government Spending and Borrowing replaces private sector Investment. Key reason for this is government borrowing results in a lack of loanable funds for the private sector that then has to pay a higher rate of interest on these loans if they still wish to borrow. GOVERNMENT SPENDING REPLACES INVESTMENT, the private sector is more productively efficient.
Ricardian Equivalence - tax payers are rational and expect any government that is cutting income taxes or increasing government spending, by borrowing, before an election - after the election the government will reverse this fiscal policy to pay back the money borrowed. The consequence of this is that the fiscal stimulus is ineffective as tax payers save the income tax cut or public sector wages rather than spend it - so there is no multiplier effect. FISCAL POLICY DOES NOT WORK.
Complete A2 worksheet 87, 95 and 96.
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